pancreas consists of 0.7-1 million small endocrine glands -the islets of Langerhans- scattered within the glandular substance of the exocrine pancreas.
: The beta(β) cell- insulin
The alpha(α) cell- glucagon
Insulin
Causes cells in the liver, muscle and fat tissue to take up glucose from the blood, storing it as glycogen
Stops the use of fat as an energy source by inhibiting the
and is a member of the G-protein coupled family of receptors.
Stimulation of the receptor results in activation of adenylate cyclase and increased levels of intracellular cAMP.
Glucagon receptors are mainly expressed in liver and in kidney with lesser amounts found in heart, adipose tissue, spleen, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, cerebral cortex, and gastrointestinal tract.
Effects of gluc
Stomach
Hydrochloric acid
Prepares protein for digestion
Activates enzymes
Pepsin
Begins protein digestion
Gastric lipase
Some fat digestion
Gastrin (hormone)
Stimulates gastric secretion and movement
Intrinsic factor
Needed for absorption of vitamin B12
Small intestine
Sections of small intestine
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Digestion
Bicarbonate neutralizes stomach acid
Pancreatic
Stem cell calssification
1. Based upon location
Embryonic stem cells
Somatic/ adult stem cells
2. Based upon function
Totipotent
Pluripotent
Multipotent
Unipotent
Reject Response
Traditional Immuno-repressents
Constant administration
Little engraftment after 3~4 weeks
Host immune system impaired
Vulnerable to Infection
↓Need brief immuno-re
▦ Physiologic Action of Gut Hormones
Criteria
① Peptide must be related into blood during time that a biologic response in a target organ is being stimulated or inhibited
② IV infusion of pure natural peptide must reproduce the effect on target organ
③ Synthetic peptide should reproduce the effect found with natural peptide
④ Circulating concentration of peptide that cause stimulat
Ⅰ. 상부위장관촬영술(UGI ; upper gastro- intestinal series)
정 상
크기, 모양, 개방성, 바륨이 채워진 모양, 위치, 바륨 이동시간이 정상이다.
상부위장관촬영술(UGI)은 barium sulfate와 같은 조영제를 사용하여 식도하부, 위장, 십이지장을 연속적으로 방사선촬영하는 것이다. 이 검사의 목적은 이들
intestinal contractile function and induces strictures. Biliary colic causes nausea via action on visceral afferent nerves. Vomiting with pancreatitis, cholecystitis, and appendicitis is due to localized visceral irritation and induction of ileus. Enteric infections with viruses or bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus are common causes of acute vomiting, especially in childr
서론
1.현재 동물에 대한 투여방법의 종류
ㆍInjection - 흔하게 쓰이는 주사를 말한다. 혈관으로 직접 투여하는 방법이다.
ㆍOral drug delivery - 입을 통해 약을 섭취하는 방법이다.
ㆍPatch - 피부에 붙여서 피부를 통해 약이 흡수 되도록 하는 방식을 말한다. 예로는 우리가 흔히 사용하는 파스